(“diabetes ” OR “diabetic”) AND (“retinopathy ” OR “retinal ” OR “nephropathy ” OR “renal ” OR “albuminuria ” OR “microalbuminuria ” OR “neuropathy ” OR “ulcer ” OR

We performed a review of the literature to determine whether the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4-I) may have the capability to directly and positively influence diabetic microvascular complications. The literature was scanned to identify experimental and clinical evidence that DPP4-I can ameliorate diabetic microangiopathy. We retrieved articles published between 1 January 1980 and 1 March 2014 in English-language peer-reviewed journals using the following terms